hamari acadmi: RESEARCH FIELDS OF PHYSICS

Contemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; particle physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support physics education research and physics outreach.

Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Lev Landau (1908–1968), who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.

The major fields of physics, along with their subfields and the theories they employ, are shown in the following table.

Field	Subfields	Major theories	Concepts
Astrophysics	Astronomy, Astrometry, Cosmology,Gravitation physics, High-energy astrophysics, Planetary astrophysics,Plasma physics, Solar Physics, Space physics, Stellar astrophysics	Big Bang, Cosmic inflation, General relativity, Newton's law of universal gravitation, Lambda-CDM model,Magnetohydrodynamics	Black hole, Cosmic background radiation, Cosmic string,Cosmos, Dark energy, Dark matter, Galaxy, Gravity,Gravitational radiation, Gravitational singularity, Planet,Solar system, Star, Supernova, Universe
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics	Atomic physics, Molecular physics,Atomic and Molecular astrophysics,Chemical physics, Optics, Photonics	Quantum optics, Quantum chemistry, Quantum information science	Photon, Atom, Molecule, Diffraction, Electromagnetic radiation, Laser, Polarization (waves), Spectral line,Casimir effect
Particle physics	Nuclear physics, Nuclear astrophysics,Particle astrophysics, Particle physics phenomenology	Standard Model, Quantum field theory, Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum chromodynamics, Electroweak theory, Effective field theory, Lattice field theory, Lattice gauge theory, Gauge theory, Supersymmetry, Grand unification theory, Superstring theory, M-theory	Fundamental force (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak,strong), Elementary particle, Spin, Antimatter,Spontaneous symmetry breaking, Neutrino oscillation,Seesaw mechanism, Brane, String, Quantum gravity,Theory of everything, Vacuum energy
Condensed matter physics	Solid state physics, High pressure physics, Low-temperature physics,Surface Physics, Nanoscale and Mesoscopic physics, Polymer physics	BCS theory, Bloch wave, Density functional theory, Fermi gas, Fermi liquid, Many-body theory, Statistical Mechanics	Phases (gas, liquid, solid), Bose-Einstein condensate,Electrical conduction, Phonon, Magnetism, Self-organization, Semiconductor, superconductor, superfluid,Spin,
Applied Physics	Accelerator physics, Acoustics, Agrophysics, Biophysics, Chemical Physics, Communication Physics, Econophysics, Engineering physics, Fluid dynamics,Geophysics, Laser Physics, Materials physics, Medical physics, Nanotechnology, Optics, Optoelectronics, Photonics, Photovoltaics, Physical chemistry, Physics of computation, Plasma physics, Solid-state devices, Quantum chemistry, Quantum electronics, Quantum information science, Vehicle dynamics